"World's Tallest Building Burj Khalifa"
Burj Khalifa, formerly the Burj Dubai, the center of the football is a great recipe, which is the tallest building in the world. To achieve cultural influence consumers with cutting-edge design combines high performance building. Massing tower vertical movement is manipulated because this reduces the effect of the wind.
World, the Burj Khalifa tower building high places. The reinforced concrete tower, 280,000 m2 of retail, multi-use, because the Giorgio Armani Hotel, internship, and from my duty use. It is the supreme creation of the world and the only goal of the Burj Khalifa is the world's highest aspirations.
As well as the designers intended and cherish and keep a simple form, top to reduce wind castle, Burj Khalifa- system factors in the face of structural concrete in a "Y" formation Constructability. And system structure ", which means" can be described as the core. The wings extending its high performance concrete, and the perimeter of the core with the pillars, and the other six branches out of the way to take away to the side of the innermost, or that it was boring detail The state of. The result is that so hard torsionally, a huge tower. building elements are aligned to the column format, which is the innermost of the general geometry of Americans willing to SOM, and the tower, is applied.
Returned to the individual steps of the building in a spiral, and chains sometimes a man has come forward to building a model. They are directed, and with the requirements of the shock tower, just lower the high walls of the load can be made by aligning the columns of the frame, to such a degree, they provide an easy journey. In this column, so that they are without transport delay allows general construction.
Line (in front of the Burj Dubai) Burj Khalifa, the Council of the 270,000 square meters of building a high performance to achieve the creation of historical and cultural influences, and technology. Now some of this life:
- High performance glazing with Low E coating: high ambient temperature low emissivity glass provides enhanced thermal insulation for the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
- Heaven is a source of ventilation, air cooler temperatures, air density is reduced, and low relative humidity Sustainability religion in the top of the building, "the source of heaven" is permitted to have fallen. Air ventilation, air conditioning, ventilation and prevention require less energy on top of the building, when it is withdrawn.
- Health System condensate: Burj Khalifa, the world's greatest system in the condensate can be retrieved. Entry diverting water and condensate from the air conditioning and it could fit reusing municipal wastewater reduces the need to prevent the discharge of water from the river. Estimated annual savings volume is equal to 14 Olympic sized pools.
- Voltage electric power by using the building, or in carrying out the first energy loss and increase energy efficiency, reduce to low voltage energy distribution.
Electronic metering: the reason for their presence causes great electrical energy industry as the age of the individual at the tower allows permanent. The Burj Khalifa is to be compared with the industry to reduce the environmental impact.
Smart lighting and mechanical control: Burj Khalifa, and the building management system (BMS), a low operational costs of the tower, and the offices of the building, the rest of the Empire interior provides more efficient use of resources in terms of energy consumption, good ecological and effective targeting.
The difference between the interior and exterior of the building to create a thermal stack effect: - command stack effect. Burj Khalifa, that they should not, however, indirectly, control, power, pressurization, eliminating the need for mechanical means energy savings while.
SOM's design process and are currently applying for a new project of life, to learn about the construction of the Burj Khalifa. As such, the new DMC wind tower in Seoul is to use naturally occurring stack effect. Using demand a percentage of the building's power generating wind turbines, supertall a break after the municipal council of building energy consumption ,.
Other structures Supertall, and learn from Burj Khalifa. The tallest building in the world, and to increase efficiency while reducing the matter, and according to use, and in the wilderness, as did new ways for the structural SOM. Lessons learned from the construction of the Burj Khalifa, and when you have seen, the material used to help decrease the environmental impact.
World, the Burj Khalifa tower building high places. The reinforced concrete tower, 280,000 m2 of retail, multi-use, because the Giorgio Armani Hotel, internship, and from my duty use. It is the supreme creation of the world and the only goal of the Burj Khalifa is the world's highest aspirations.
As well as the designers intended and cherish and keep a simple form, top to reduce wind castle, Burj Khalifa- system factors in the face of structural concrete in a "Y" formation Constructability. And system structure ", which means" can be described as the core. The wings extending its high performance concrete, and the perimeter of the core with the pillars, and the other six branches out of the way to take away to the side of the innermost, or that it was boring detail The state of. The result is that so hard torsionally, a huge tower. building elements are aligned to the column format, which is the innermost of the general geometry of Americans willing to SOM, and the tower, is applied.
Returned to the individual steps of the building in a spiral, and chains sometimes a man has come forward to building a model. They are directed, and with the requirements of the shock tower, just lower the high walls of the load can be made by aligning the columns of the frame, to such a degree, they provide an easy journey. In this column, so that they are without transport delay allows general construction.
Line (in front of the Burj Dubai) Burj Khalifa, the Council of the 270,000 square meters of building a high performance to achieve the creation of historical and cultural influences, and technology. Now some of this life:
- High performance glazing with Low E coating: high ambient temperature low emissivity glass provides enhanced thermal insulation for the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
- Heaven is a source of ventilation, air cooler temperatures, air density is reduced, and low relative humidity Sustainability religion in the top of the building, "the source of heaven" is permitted to have fallen. Air ventilation, air conditioning, ventilation and prevention require less energy on top of the building, when it is withdrawn.
- Health System condensate: Burj Khalifa, the world's greatest system in the condensate can be retrieved. Entry diverting water and condensate from the air conditioning and it could fit reusing municipal wastewater reduces the need to prevent the discharge of water from the river. Estimated annual savings volume is equal to 14 Olympic sized pools.
- Voltage electric power by using the building, or in carrying out the first energy loss and increase energy efficiency, reduce to low voltage energy distribution.
Electronic metering: the reason for their presence causes great electrical energy industry as the age of the individual at the tower allows permanent. The Burj Khalifa is to be compared with the industry to reduce the environmental impact.
Smart lighting and mechanical control: Burj Khalifa, and the building management system (BMS), a low operational costs of the tower, and the offices of the building, the rest of the Empire interior provides more efficient use of resources in terms of energy consumption, good ecological and effective targeting.
The difference between the interior and exterior of the building to create a thermal stack effect: - command stack effect. Burj Khalifa, that they should not, however, indirectly, control, power, pressurization, eliminating the need for mechanical means energy savings while.
SOM's design process and are currently applying for a new project of life, to learn about the construction of the Burj Khalifa. As such, the new DMC wind tower in Seoul is to use naturally occurring stack effect. Using demand a percentage of the building's power generating wind turbines, supertall a break after the municipal council of building energy consumption ,.
Other structures Supertall, and learn from Burj Khalifa. The tallest building in the world, and to increase efficiency while reducing the matter, and according to use, and in the wilderness, as did new ways for the structural SOM. Lessons learned from the construction of the Burj Khalifa, and when you have seen, the material used to help decrease the environmental impact.
"Technical Details About Burj Khalifa"
Former names: Burj Dubai
Record height:
Tallest in the world since 2010
Preceded by: Taipei 101
General information
Type: Mixed-use
Architectural style: Neo-Futurism
Location: 1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Coordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″ECoordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E
Construction started: 6 January 2004
Completed: 30 December 2009
Opening: 4 January 2010
Cost: USD $ 1.5 billion
Height:
Architectural: 828 m (2,717 ft)
Tip: 829.8 m (2,722 ft)
Roof: 828 m (2,717 ft)
Top floor: 584.5 m (1,918 ft)
Observatory: 555.7 m (1,823 ft)
Technical details
Floor count
163 floors
plus 46 maintenance levels in the spire[5] and 2 parking levels in the basement
Record height:
Tallest in the world since 2010
Preceded by: Taipei 101
General information
Type: Mixed-use
Architectural style: Neo-Futurism
Location: 1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Coordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″ECoordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E
Construction started: 6 January 2004
Completed: 30 December 2009
Opening: 4 January 2010
Cost: USD $ 1.5 billion
Height:
Architectural: 828 m (2,717 ft)
Tip: 829.8 m (2,722 ft)
Roof: 828 m (2,717 ft)
Top floor: 584.5 m (1,918 ft)
Observatory: 555.7 m (1,823 ft)
Technical details
Floor count
163 floors
plus 46 maintenance levels in the spire[5] and 2 parking levels in the basement
(Total: 211 floors)
Floor area: 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators: 58, made by Otis Elevator Company
"Design and construction"
Architect: Adrian Smith at SOM
Developer: Emaar Properties
Structural engineer: Bill Baker at SOM
Main contractor: Samsung Engineering and Construction Company, Besix and Arabtec
Supervision Consultant Engineer & Architect of Record Hyder Consulting
Construction Project Manager Turner Construction
Grocon
Planning Bauer AG and Middle East Foundations
Lift contractor Otis
VT consultant Lerch Bates.
"Design and construction"
Architect: Adrian Smith at SOM
Developer: Emaar Properties
Structural engineer: Bill Baker at SOM
Main contractor: Samsung Engineering and Construction Company, Besix and Arabtec
Supervision Consultant Engineer & Architect of Record Hyder Consulting
Construction Project Manager Turner Construction
Grocon
Planning Bauer AG and Middle East Foundations
Lift contractor Otis
VT consultant Lerch Bates.
"Structural Details of Burj Khalifa |The Tallest Building In the World"
It is an understatement to say that Burj Khalifa represents the state-of-the-art in building design. From initial concept through completion, a combination of several important technological innovations and innovation structural design methods have resulted in a superstructure that is both efficient and robust.
- Foundation
- Podium
- Exterior Cladding
- Structural System
- Spire
- Mechanical Floors
- Window Washing Bays
- Broadcast and Communications Floors
- Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing
- Fire Safety
- Elevators & Lifts
"Foundation"
The superstructure is supported by a large reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn supported by bored reinforced concrete piles. The design was based on extensive geotechnical and seismic studies. The mat is 3.7 meters thick, and was constructed in four separate pours totaling 12,500 cubic meters of concrete. The 1.5 meter diameter x 43 meter long piles represent the largest and longest piles conventionally available in the region. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations, as well as a cathodic protection system under the mat, to minimize any detrimental effects form corrosive chemicals in local ground water.
"Podium"
The podium provides a base anchoring the tower to the ground, allowing on grade access from three different sides to three different levels of the building. Fully glazed entry pavilions constructed with a suspended cable-net structure provide separate entries for the Corporate Suites at B1 and Concourse Levels, the Burj Khalifa residences at Ground Level and the Armani Hotel at Level 1.
"Exterior Cladding"
The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels and stainless steel vertical tubular fins. Close to 26,000 glass panels, each individually hand-cut, were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on the tower. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer heat, and to further ensure its integrity, a World War II airplane engine was used for dynamic wind and water testing. The curtain wall of Burj Khalifa is equivalent to 17 football (soccer) fields or 25 American football fields.
"Structural System"
In addition to its aesthetic and functional advantages, the spiraling “Y” shaped plan was utilized to shape the structural core of Burj Khalifa. This design helps to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability. The structural system can be described as a “buttressed core”, and consists of high performance concrete wall construction. Each of the wings buttress the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub. This central core provides the torsional resistance of the structure, similar to a closed pipe or axle. Corridor walls extend from the central core to near the end of each wing, terminating in thickened hammer head walls. These corridor walls and hammerhead walls behave similar to the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments. Perimeter columns and flat plate floor construction complete the system. At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided to link the perimeter columns to the interior wall system, allowing the perimeter columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally. It is also a very efficient structure in that the gravity load resisting system has been utilized so as to maximize its use in resisting lateral loads.
As the building spirals in height, the wings set back to provide many different floor plates. The setbacks are organized with the tower’s grid, such that the building stepping is accomplished by aligning columns above with walls below to provide a smooth load path. As such, the tower does not contain any structural transfers. These setbacks also have the advantage of providing a different width to the tower for each differing floor plate. This stepping and shaping of the tower has the effect of “confusing the wind”: wind vortices never get organized over the height of the building because at each new tier the wind encounters a different building shape.
As the building spirals in height, the wings set back to provide many different floor plates. The setbacks are organized with the tower’s grid, such that the building stepping is accomplished by aligning columns above with walls below to provide a smooth load path. As such, the tower does not contain any structural transfers. These setbacks also have the advantage of providing a different width to the tower for each differing floor plate. This stepping and shaping of the tower has the effect of “confusing the wind”: wind vortices never get organized over the height of the building because at each new tier the wind encounters a different building shape.
"Spire"
The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. In addition to securing Burj Khalifa's place as the world's tallest structure, the spire is integral to the overall design, creating a sense of completion for the landmark. The spire also houses communications equipment.
"Mechanical Floors"
Seven double-storey height mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj Khalifa to life. Distributed around every 30 storeys, the mechanical floors house the electrical sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units etc, that are essential for the operation of the tower and the comfort of its occupants.
"Window Washing Bays"
Access for the tower's exterior for both window washing and façade maintenance is provided by 18 permanently installed track and fixed telescopic, cradle equipped, building maintenance units. The track mounted units are stored in garages, within the structure, and are not visible when not in use. The manned cradles are capable of accessing the entire facade from tower top down to level seven. The building maintenance units jib arms, when fully extended will have a maximum reach of 36 meters with an overall length of approximately 45 meters. When fully retracted, to parked position, the jib arm length will measure approximately 15 meters. Under normal conditions, with all building maintenance units in operation, it will take three to four months to clean the entire exterior facade.
"Broadcast and Communications Floors"
The top four floors have been reserved for communications and broadcasting. These floors occupy the levels just below the spire.
"Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing"
To achieve the greatest efficiencies, the mechanical, electrical and plumbing services for Burj Khalifa were developed in coordination during the design phase with cooperation of the architect, structural engineer and other consultant.
The tower's water system supplies an average of 946,000 litres (250,000 gallons) of water daily
At peak cooling, Burj Khalifa will require about 10,000 tons of cooling, equal to the cooling capacity provided by about 10,000 tons of melting ice
Dubai's hot, humid climate combined with the building's cooling requirements creates a significant amount of condensation. This water is collected and drained in a separate piping system to a holding tank in the basement car park
The condensate collection system provides about 15 million gallons of supplement water per year, equal to about 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools
The tower's peak electrical demand is 36mW, equal to about 360,000 100 Watt bulbs operating simultaneously
The tower's water system supplies an average of 946,000 litres (250,000 gallons) of water daily
At peak cooling, Burj Khalifa will require about 10,000 tons of cooling, equal to the cooling capacity provided by about 10,000 tons of melting ice
Dubai's hot, humid climate combined with the building's cooling requirements creates a significant amount of condensation. This water is collected and drained in a separate piping system to a holding tank in the basement car park
The condensate collection system provides about 15 million gallons of supplement water per year, equal to about 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools
The tower's peak electrical demand is 36mW, equal to about 360,000 100 Watt bulbs operating simultaneously
"Fire Safety"
Fire safety and speed of evacuation were prime factors in the design of Burj Khalifa. Concrete surrounds all stairwells and the building service and fireman's elevator will have a capacity of 5,500 kg and will be the world's tallest service elevator. Since people can't reasonably be expected to walk down 160 floors, there are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge areas located approximately every 25 floors.
"Elevators & Lifts"
Burj Khalifa will be home to 57 elevators and 8 escalators The building service/fireman's elevator will have a capacity of 5,500 kg and will be the world's tallest service elevator.
Burj Khalifa will be the first mega-high rise in which certain elevators will be programmed to permit controlled evacuation for certain fire or security events. Burj Khalifa's Observatory elevators are double deck cabs with a capacity for 12-14 people per cab. Traveling at 10 metres per second, they will have the world's longest travel distance from lowest to highest stop.
Burj Khalifa will be the first mega-high rise in which certain elevators will be programmed to permit controlled evacuation for certain fire or security events. Burj Khalifa's Observatory elevators are double deck cabs with a capacity for 12-14 people per cab. Traveling at 10 metres per second, they will have the world's longest travel distance from lowest to highest stop.
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